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Adult honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) abandon hemocytic, but not phenoloxidase-based immunity

机译：成年蜜蜂（apis mellifera L.）放弃血细胞，但不放弃基于酚氧化酶的免疫

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Hemocytes and the (prophenol-) phenoloxidase system constitute the immediate innate immune system in insects. These components of insect immunity are present at any post-embryonic life stage without previous infection. Differences between individuals and species in these immune parameters can reflect differences in infection risk, life expectancy, and biological function. In honeybees which show an age-related division of labor within the worker caste, previous studies demonstrated that foragers show a strongly reduced number of hemoctyes compared to the younger nurse bees. This loss of immune competence has been regarded advantageous with respect to an already high mortality rate due to foraging and to redistribution of energy costs at the colony level. Based on the idea that abandoning hemocytes in all adults would be a reasonably direct regulatory mechanism, we posed the hypothesis that abandoning hemocytic immunity is not restricted to worker honeybees. We tested our hypotheses by performing a comprehensive analysis of hemocyte number and phenoloxidase (PO)-activity levels in immunologically naive workers, queens, and drones. We found that in all three adult phenotypes hemocyte number is dramatically reduced in early adult life. In contrast, we found that the dynamics of PO-activity levels have sex and caste-specific characteristics. In workers, PO activity reached a plateau within the first week of adult life, and in queens enzyme levels continuously increased with age and reached levels twice as high as those found in workers. PO-activity levels slightly declined with age in drones. These data support our hypothesis, from which we infer that the previously reported reduction of hemocyte in foragers is not worker specific but represents a general phenomenon occurring in all honeybee adult phenotypes.
机译：血细胞和（原苯酚）酚氧化酶系统构成了昆虫的直接先天免疫系统。昆虫免疫的这些成分存在于任何胚胎后的生命阶段，而没有先前的感染。个体和物种之间在这些免疫参数方面的差异可以反映出感染风险，预期寿命和生物学功能方面的差异。以前的研究表明，在蜜蜂中，工人种姓中存在与年龄有关的劳动分工，与年轻的护士蜜蜂相比，觅食者显示出的hemo血数量大大减少。相对于由于觅食引起的已经很高的死亡率和由于在菌落水平上的能量成本的重新分配，这种免疫能力的丧失被认为是有利的。基于在所有成年人中放弃血细胞将是一个合理的直接调节机制的想法，我们提出了放弃血细胞免疫性不仅限于工蜂的假设。我们通过对免疫上天真的工作人员，女王/王后和无人机中的血细胞数量和酚氧化酶（PO）活性水平进行全面分析，检验了我们的假设。我们发现，在所有三种成人表型中，成年早期血细胞数量急剧减少。相比之下，我们发现PO活性水平的动态具有性别和种姓特定的特征。在工人中，PO活性在成年后的第一周内达到了一个平台，而在皇后区，酶的水平随着年龄的增长而持续增加，达到工人中的两倍。 PO活性水平随无人机年龄的增长而略有下降。这些数据支持了我们的假设，据此我们可以推断先前报道的觅食者血细胞减少并非特定于工人，而是代表所有蜜蜂成年表型中普遍存在的现象。

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